The History Behind Crayola Crayons

Crayola brand crayons were the first kids crayons ever made, invented by cousins, Edwin Binney and C. Harold Smith. The brands first box of eight Crayola crayons made its debut in 1903. The crayons were sold for a nickel and the colors were black, brown, blue, red, purple, orange, yellow, and green. The word Crayola was created by Alice Stead Binney (wife of Edwin Binney) who took the French words for chalk (craie) and oily (oleaginous) and combined them. Today, there over one hundred different types of crayons being made by Crayola including crayons that sparkle with glitter, glow in the dark, smell like flowers, change colors, and wash off walls and other surfaces and materials. According to Crayolas History of Crayons Europe was the birthplace of the â€Å"modern† crayon, a man-made cylinder that resembled contemporary sticks. The first such crayons are purported to have consisted of a mixture of charcoal and oil. Later, powdered pigments of various hues replaced the charcoal. It was subsequently discovered that substituting wax for the oil in the mixture made the resulting sticks sturdier and easier to handle. The Birth of Crayola Crayons In 1864, Joseph W. Binney founded the Peekskill Chemical Company in Peekskill, N.Y. This company was responsible for products in the black and red color range, such as lampblack, charcoal and paint containing red iron oxide which was often used to coat the barns dotting Americas rural landscape. Peekskill Chemical was also instrumental in creating an improved and black colored automobile tire by adding carbon black that was found to increase the tire tread life by four or five times. Around 1885, Josephs son, Edwin Binney, and nephew, C. Harold Smith, formed the partnership of Binney Smith. The cousins expanded the companys product line to include shoe polish and printing ink. In 1900, the company purchased a stone mill in Easton, PA, and began producing slate pencils for schools. This started Binney and Smiths research into non-toxic and colorful drawing mediums for kids. They had already invented a new wax crayon used to mark crates and barrels, however, it was loaded with carbon black and too toxic for children. They were confident that the pigment and wax mixing techniques they had developed could be adapted for a variety of safe colors. In 1903, a new brand of crayons with superior working qualities was introduced - Crayola Crayons.

Family Influences Our Personality, Behavior, Beliefs and...

The effects of family and culture can substantially influence ones personality, behaviours, beliefs and values, which correlates positively to the life experiences in part 1. Research has shown the significance of family interactions on stress levels, personality and behavioural traits on younger individuals. The young ones imitate the elders as they have yet to be independent and this process is considered to be an aspect of evolution, via increasing fitness. Environmental factors such as biological and social-cultural can also influence a childs personality. The culture one grows up in can affect their happiness, morality, mortality, behaviour and, once again, personality. By growing up and surrounding oneself with culture and all its†¦show more content†¦Behavioural under-control is insufficient regulation of behaviour—lack of rules and restrictions— will find children who are susceptible to external pressure and may fall into influence of deviant peers (Bar ber). These children are more prone to engage in illegal activities. Psychological over-control is an environment that intrudes on both psychological and emotional development of a child, through manipulation or inclusion. Children growing up in this environment will have less opportunity for self discovery, slower individualization process leading to increased rates of anxiety and shyness. They may not be able to deal with pressure from the external world because of a lack of confidence from developmental difficulties (Barber). Parents should just allow average expectable development to occur; the process of giving enough comfort and rules for children. Depending on the level of cohesion within a family, different types of problems can arise. Less cohesive families can lead children to have externalized personalities and highly cohesive ones can lead to internalized personalities. External personalities are impulsive, rebelliousness, and delinquency; whereas internalizing personali ties have characteristics like social isolation, self hatred, and depression (Barber). Behaviours of animals can also explain human ones. Studies done on behaviours of animals, testing how environmental and social contexts canShow MoreRelatedSubcultures and Subcultural Marketing1424 Words   |  6 Pagesfollow the beliefs, values, and customs of our society and to avoid behavior that is judged â€Å"unacceptable† or considered to be taboo. In addition to segmenting in terms of cultural factors, marketers also segment overall societies into smaller subgroups or subcultures that consist of people who are similar in terms of their ethnic origin, their customs, and the ways they behave. These subcultures provide important marketing opportunities for astute marketing strategists. So, now our discussionRead MoreHuman Development And Identity Development1741 Words   |  7 Pagesaspects of human development and behavior; personality and identity. I will then demonstrate an understanding of two psychological theories which can help understand influences on personality and identity development. Finally, I will look into further detail at Holmes and Rahe and identity two life events which I can relate to the case study and the impact it’s had on the individual. There has been an ongoing debate within society for a long time over the influences of nature vs nurture and whichRead MoreFactors that influence consumer buying behavior1747 Words   |  7 PagesFactors that influence consumer buying behavior There are a lot of subjects for marketers to understand in order to get more customers purchasing their companies’ products or brands. Consumer buying behavior is one of the studies that marketers need to understand. Factors that influence consumer buying behavior can be classified into four classes which are social factor, cultural factor, personal factor and psychological factor. One of the factors that influence consumer buying behavior is socialRead MoreThe Theory Of The Human Development993 Words   |  4 Pageswhich one(s) is/are most closely aligned with your personal belief system? All four major Psychological theories are very significant, but based on my reading about all of them, I can convey that the ecological theory is the most closely aligned with my personal belief system. Part 2: Why? I chose this theory because it states that a person’s development is influenced by everything in the surrounding environment, such as: family values, home, peers, school, and neighborhood, among others biologicalRead MoreBehavioral and Social/Cognitive Approaches to Forming Habits Paper1082 Words   |  5 PagesBiological and Humanistic Approaches to Personality Paper PSY/250 Traci Petteway January 12, 2013 University of Phoenix There are similarities and differences when analyzing the components of biological and humanistic approaches to personality. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs express important aspects of biological factors that approaches personality. Abraham Maslow hierarchy of needs focused on a theory of human motivation, management training, and personal development. Maslow divided organismicRead MoreProcess of Purchase1206 Words   |  5 Pages Consumer buying behavior is the decision process and acts of people involved in buying and using products. The final purchase decision is often a result of the interaction between the final decision maker and a range of influencer. 1 The process of purchasing decision passes through five different stages 1- Needs recognition 2- Information Search 3- Evaluation 4- Decision 5- Post purchase evaluation Consumer behavior and purchasing decision is a phenomenon affected by internal and external factorsRead MoreCultural Identity. Humans Have Thrived In Their Outlined930 Words   |  4 Pagesstructure of society and communicate with different cultures in a variety levels, ways, and ideas. Communication between cultures is shaped its values, beliefs, and behaviors. These components characterize an array of individuals, with determinate factors that affect how they communicate. The United States cultural components of values, beliefs, and behavior, affect how I communicate with unfamiliar cultures in a variety of ways. The United States of America, in particular, is known for its dominantRead MoreThe Theory Of F. Herzberg Engine1687 Words   |  7 Pagesobjective reality. What consumers perceive to be reality affects their actions, their buying habits and their leisure habits more than the facts themselves. Thus, it is important that marketers understand the whole notion of perception and factors influence it to develop marketing and advertising strategies to retain current customers and attract new ones. People may have different perceptions of the same factors that impact by four cognitive processes: perceptual screens or filters, perceptual biasesRead MoreSelf Assessment1447 Words   |  6 PagesEveryday we ask ourselves, â€Å"Did I make the right decision?† Whether it is in regards to family, friends or co-workers we constantly do self assessments. Self-assessment is defined as a process through which individuals gain knowledge about themselves. This includes information about their likes and dislikes as well as their reactions to specific situations. By knowing more about themselves, individuals can be able to determine the work situations and occupations that are most appropriate for themRead MoreCulture and Personality Development Essay906 Words   |  4 Pages There is many different factors that determine personality and development, from environmental, genetics, and of course, the culture someone grows up. This can vary across the globe in different geological loc ations. It is impossible to say how much influence culture has on specific psychological development or personality. Some emotion such as happiness can be subjective and it is hard to measure the rate of happiness when contrasted with a different part of the world. Many scholars point out

The Importance Of Critical Thinking From Affecting School...

The importance for an individual to be able to think critically has become a hot topic within recent years. Many adults are entering the workforce and are unable to complete aspects of their jobs that require them to think critically. Many are products of an education system that consisted of multiple choice assessments that only required them to recall the information, not to evaluate and synthesize it. Initiatives have been put in place to prevent this lack of critical thinking from affecting school aged children. More recently these initiatives have moved into higher education as well. Critical thinking is defined in many different ways. Like many other researchers in the field of critical thinking Halpern (1993) argues that there is little agreement on the definition of critical thinking. However, she believes that overlap in various definition of the concept does exist. One of the main themes throughout the multiple definitions is that critical thinking is a higher order cognitive skill. This means that more information is needed to solve the problem or answer a question than just basic recall information or lower order thinking. Halpern (1998) describes higher order skills as being relatively complex in nature. Higher order skills require judgment, analysis, and synthesis. They are not applied in a rote or mechanical manner. This type of thinking is thinking that is reflective, sensitive to the context, and self-monitored. Moore (2011) acknowledges that a debateShow MoreRelatedObesity Is The Most Important Aspect Of Fighting Obesity2092 Words   |  9 PagesObesity is an epidemic that is impacting most of the world. It is not only affecting the older generation but younger ones as well. 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Secrecy in Business-Free-Samples for Students-Myassignementhelp

Question: Critically analyze and discuss reasons why the chosen firm may prefer to conduct strategic planning in secret and keep its strategies hidden from all but the highest-level executives. Answer: The essay discusses the reasons why many companies conduct their strategic planning secret from all but the executives of their firms. In this world of increasing competition and litigation, privacy on the part of a company is a mandatory issue. Failure for securing and protecting confidential information of the organisation may lead to danger for the health of the company (Smither, Houston and McIntire 2016). In the evil hands, the confidential information may be misused to commit any illegal activities such as fraud and discrimination. Many countries have laws for protecting the organizational secrecy and confidentiality of certain information in the workplace. Revelation of any sensitive issue associated with an employee led to loss of loyalty and confidence which eventually led to lagging in productivity. Olympic group is a group of companies operating in Egypt. It mainly operates in the fields of domestic appliances. It also trades on IT fields and real estates. The companys 98% products are of their own manufacture (Electroluxgroup.com 2017). The key international suppliers, partners and licensors of the company are Electrolux, Philips and Merloni internationals. The company maintains high secrecy regarding its business policy. The reasons are: Reasons New technology- the reason for ascendency of the companys trade secret is that the technology has made the access and misappropriation easier. Previously the companies used to store the information physically (Siponen, Mahmood and Pahnila 2014). They used to hide the blueprints of their new products in a locked room. Now in this digital world the companies store blueprints in the digital files on the computer networks. They encrypt the file and keep it password protected but for a disgruntled worker it is easy for him to download, e-mail or post on internet (Leonardi, Huysman and Steinfield 2013). He can also save the file his mobile and leaves office undetected. Therefore, it can be said that digital world does not provide benefit to the trade secrets. Changing work culture with the growth the company, the prosperity increases. In this process, many current as well as former employees get fired for misappropriation of the trade secret of the company. Now this changing work environment employees no longer are loyal to one company. They leave one organization whenever they get better opportunities. They value for entrepreneurism and mobility (McGrath 2013). These employees carry their previous employers trade secrets at the time of leaving the company. The research reveals that layoffs, automations, outsourcing, shortening contracts have given rise to the employee disloyalty. This increasing mobility of the workers is one of the most important reason why the companies keep secrecy about their future plans. The perception of secrecy is different in different age groups. The IP law bases on the idea of information ownership. The law associated with trade secrets bases on ownership of confidential information (Wade 2013). The recent file sharing culture has decreases the value of secrecy in any aspect. The changing social norms for protection important information as well as privacy can be the reason of increasing trade secret misappropriation. Increasing value of business secretes- as the international al companies shift to service and knowledge based economy, the competitiveness of the firms has started to depend on their intangible assets. The trade information has become intellectual properties of the companies. The importance on maintaining secrecy about the trade has resulted in growing laws to criminalize the trade secret misappropriation (Luftman et al. 2012). The current knowledge based economy is quite different from the previous one where the physical assets like natural resources, capital goods were protected. The value of trade secret in recent time has replaced these physical assets. Data leaks can cost a company more than $2 trillion. Laws- with the increased threat of data misappropriation, the body for trade secrets act has been strengthened. According to the researchers, the growing awareness about the trade secret law and its adoption has indirectly manipulated the misappropriation of business privacy (Smither, Houston and McIntire 2016). The incidents in USA discloses the fact that more the companies protect their valuable information as their trade secrets, more they are vulnerable to the theft. It is evident that the growth of secret litigations may have created an optimistic feedback loop. More organizations relying for protecting their information, the plaintiffs are bringing more cases of information theft in the court (Lu et al. 2014). Flexible scopes- one of the chief reasons of increased trade secret litigation is flexibility of trade secrets. Any secret information derives economic value for its privacy therefore material falling associated with secret theft is increasing. These secrets are mainly laboratory formulas, methods, source codes, prototypes budgets, pre-release prices, business plans, contract terms market analysis, engineering specification and recipes. The definition of the trade secret in so dynamic that it can be applied on the companys knowledge, training and experience. According to Smither, Houston and McIntire (2016), trade secrets have been gaining importance due to the continuous changes in technology.It is outstripping existing laws to encourage and secured invention as well as innovation. International threats- Misappropriation of the trade secrets has a very dangerous aspect. According to Cummings and Worley (2014), the misappropriation of trade secrets will be empowering foreign powers. The companies that work internationally, employ workers from various countries. For tapping the supply chains, they need to rely on the foreign capital markets or employ foreign manufacturers. As a company ventures the foreign markets, take their own trade secrets with them therefore, these secrets become more vulnerable for misappropriation by the foreign parties. Major issues regarding the misappropriation is that the hackers can copy data of the trade secrets from any company in the world. They no longer need to abscond physically and harm the organizational growth. The most important aspect of trade secrets misappropriation acts is that they cannot be enforced properly (Zuiderwijk et al 2012). In different countries, jurisdiction varies and laws are different therefore, though the major countries have laws to protect trade secrets, there are difficulties to enforce them efficiently. Mechanisms The methods used by Olympic group of Companies for continually surviving in a competitive market are- Identifying and prioritizing: The firm knows the process of protecting confidential data. The start categorising the types of information according to its value as well as its confidentiality. The company prioritizes data according to its value (Wade 2013). They begin with the customer information and employee record as they are the easiest information for securing. These data need only few and specific systems for updating this information. The structured information like personal identification, account numbers, social security data and financial transaction are then protected. The contracts, customer correspondences and financial releases are important and rolled out in a departmental basis. Determination of access, usage and distribution policies of the company: The company assesses the current workflows and identifies the major departments that involve private information (FORCE and INITIATIVE 2013). It determines the risk of data leakage. Based on the assessments the company crafts its distribution policies quickly. Through these policies, the authority can govern the people who are accessing data, receiving and using which type of contents and when. The company can also supervise the enforcement actions for contravention of these policies. The companys distribution policies emerge for their customer information, intellectual property, executive communications and employee records. After defining the distribution policies, implementation of monitoring the actions and enforcements are essential steps. Implementation, observing and enforcement of systems: Olympic group of companies monitors and enforces the policies. The companys adherence of policies is crucial for the protection of the trade secrets. These are the companys confidential assets. Control points are established for monitoring the information usage and trafficking, verifying the compliances associated with its distribution policies and executing enforcement action against violation of these policies (Pearson, S., 2013). The companys monitoring systems accurately identifies the threats and bar them from passing the control points. As the company deals with immense amount of information which are digital, its monitoring system has strong powerful identification capabilities for avoiding false alarms and preventing unauthorized traffic. The organization uses various software products to monitor the electronic communication channels to secure sensitive information. Reviewing progress periodically: For the maximum effectiveness Olympic group regularly reviews their systems, trainings and policies. They use the visibility offered by the monitoring systems for improving the employees trainings, expand deployment as well as eliminate vulnerabilities systematically (McGrath 2013). The company reviews the system extensively to analyse the suspicious activities and system failures. They also utilize their external audits for checking the vulnerabilities. The company has employed the security system to review the arising incident reports and extend coverage beyond initial implementation. It protects all types of information by system benchmarking regularly. It also helps the company in extending security to the various communication channels like web posts, messaging, e-mail including security to additional departments (Siponen, Mahmood and Pahnila 2014). Therefore, it can be concluded that protection of the confidential trade assets of a company is a long journey rather than a single day event. It requires systematic procedure of identifying sensitive data, understanding current business methods, designing proper access, utilization and distribution policies finally monitoring the external and internal communication. Olympic Group of Companies have employed all these methods successfully in their business to face the competitive environment. References: Cummings, T.G. and Worley, C.G., 2014.Organization development and change. Cengage learning. Electroluxgroup.com (2017).Electrolux acquires Olympic Group. [online] Electroluxgroup.com. Available at: https://www.electroluxgroup.com/en/electrolux-acquires-olympic-group-10956/ [Accessed 13 Nov. 2017]. FORCE, J.T. and INITIATIVE, T., 2013. Security and privacy controls for federal information systems and organizations.NIST Special Publication,800(53), pp.8-13. Leonardi, P.M., Huysman, M. and Steinfield, C., 2013. Enterprise social media: Definition, history, and prospects for the study of social technologies in organizations.Journal of Computer?Mediated Communication,19(1), pp.1-19. Lu, R., Zhu, H., Liu, X., Liu, J.K. and Shao, J., 2014. Toward efficient and privacy-preserving computing in big data era.IEEE Network,28(4), pp.46-50. Luftman, J., Zadeh, H.S., Derksen, B., Santana, M., Rigoni, E.H. and Huang, Z.D., 2012. Key information technology and management issues 20112012: an international study.Journal of Information Technology,27(3), pp.198-212. McGrath, R.G., 2013.The end of competitive advantage: How to keep your strategy moving as fast as your business. Harvard Business Review Press. Pearson, S., 2013. Privacy, security and trust in cloud computing. InPrivacy and Security for Cloud Computing(pp. 3-42). Springer London. Siponen, M., Mahmood, M.A. and Pahnila, S., 2014. Employees adherence to information security policies: An exploratory field study.Information management,51(2), pp.217-224. Smither, R., Houston, J. and McIntire, S., 2016.Organization development: Strategies for changing environments. Routledge. Wade, R., 2013. The art of power maintenance: How western states keep the lead in global organizations.Challenge,56(1), pp.5-39. Zuiderwijk, A., Janssen, M., Choenni, S., Meijer, R. and Alibaks, R.S., 2012. Socio-technical Impediments of Open Data.Electronic Journal of e-Government,10(2).